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Richer Than You Think

Richer Than You Think

By Mitchell Hillman on April 29, 2026

The middle class remains robust in the USA.

Comparison is the thief of joy, but an accurate picture of your financial neighborhood can be its own kind of consolation. Marketing and ambition conspire to distort perceptions of wealth, and what passes for normal bears little resemblance to the statistical median. The charts below draw on the most recent household financial data available. Income figures are from 2023 IRS data; net worth and retirement figures are from the 2022 Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances.

Income Tax Returns by Adjusted Gross Income, 2023 160.6m returns filed · IRS Statistics of Income, Table 1.1, 2023 Over $10m 30k $5–10m 49k $2–5m 203k $1.5–2m 147k $1–1.5m 369k $500k–1m 1.8m $200–500k 11.0m $100–200k 27.6m majority $75–100k 15.8m $50–75k 24.1m median $40–50k 13.5m $30–40k 15.2m $25–30k 7.6m $20–25k 7.9m $15–20k 8.7m $10–15k 9.0m $5–10k 8.1m Under $5k 7.4m No income 2.2m

IRS Statistics of Income, Individual Income Tax Returns, Table 1.1 (Tax Year 2023)

Rather than a pyramid with a mass of poverty at the base, the actual income distribution looks more like a bee. Households reporting more than $1m in adjusted gross income make up only 0.50% of all filers. The median filer falls in the $50–75k bracket, shown in grey above.

Household Net Worth Distribution, 2022 131m weighted households · Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances 2022 Over $5m 4.8m $2.5–5m 5.3m $1–2.5m 13.6m $500k–1m 15.3m $250–500k 20.2m $100–250k 21.5m $50–100k 11.6m $25–50k 7.0m $0–25k 22.1m -$100k to $0 9.0m -$500k to -$100k 937k

Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances 2022

Negative net worth is less common than popular perception suggests, though more research is needed to understand the character of debts that burden these households. Some 24% of households have less than $25,000 in net worth, and past that threshold there is a noticeable drop. Saving is difficult, but those who manage it tend to build from there.

Average Retirement Account Value by Income, 2022 Weighted average IRA / 401(k) balance per household · Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances 2022 Over $5m 1.4m $1–5m 1.7m $750k–1m 1.6m $500–750k 1.3m $300–500k 823k $200–300k 489k $100–200k 194k $75–100k 81k $50–75k 51k $25–50k 18k Under $25k 14k

Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances 2022

Retirement savings scale smoothly, which reflects that most accounts are set on rational autopilot.

Working-Age Adults vs. Income Tax Coverage, 2022–23 Ages 18–74 · Adjusted for married couples filing jointly · Census ACS 2023; IRS SOI 2023 238m adults 18–74 Filed a return (incl. joint) 216.1m (91%) Estimated non-filers 21.7m (9%)

Census Bureau ACS 1-Year Estimates 2023 (Table B01001) · IRS Statistics of Income 2022

The share of working-age adults not filing a return sits at approximately 9.1%. The officially published unemployment rate is 4.3% as of March 2026, which counts only those actively seeking work. The gap reflects retirement, caregiving, disability, and other exits from the labor force.